30 June 2024, Volume 44 Issue 6
    

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    Ingredient Analysis
  • Chinese Journal of Pharmaceutical Analysis. 2024, 44(6): 921-928. https://doi.org/10.16155/j.0254-1793.2024.06.01
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    Objective: To compare the differences of the volatile oil components of Pimpinella thellungiana Wolff extracted with different methods by GC-MS combined with retention index. Methods: Volatile oil of Pimpinella thellungiana Wolff were extracted using steam distillation, salting-out assisted steam distillation and enzymatic hydrolysis-assisted steam distillation. The chemical components of volatile oil extracted by different methods were analyzed by GC-MS combined with retention index, while the relative contents of volatile oil components were calculated by peak area normalization method. Results: Among the three extraction methods, the extraction rate of volatile oil was as follows, enzymatic hydrolysis-assisted steam distillation > salting-out assisted steam distillation ≈ steam distillation method. The most comprehensive types of volatile oil were extracted by salting-out assisted steam distillation, followed by enzymatic hydrolysis-assisted steam distillation, and finally by steam distillation. The main types of the volatile oil components of Pimpinella thellungiana Wolff extracted with different methods were basically unchanged, but the relative contents of various compounds were different. A total of 47 compounds were identified from the volatile oil extracted with the three methods, including 35 common compounds. The main chemical structural types of these compounds were terpenes, terpenes, terpenoids, aromatics and aliphatics, among which the higher content compounds were β-bisabolene(17.25%-19.42%), caryophyllene oxide (12.90%-15.70%), 1-(3-methyl-2-butenoxy)-4-(1-propenyl)benzene (5.02%-9.36%) and β-pinene (5.31%-6.62%). Conclusion: The chemical composition types and relative contents of the volatile oil of Pimpinella thellungiana Wolff extracted with different methods are different, but the differences are not significant. The results can provide reference for the selection of suitable extraction methods and further utilization of volatile oil from Pimpinella thellungiana Wolff.
  • Chinese Journal of Pharmaceutical Analysis. 2024, 44(6): 929-937. https://doi.org/10.16155/j.0254-1793.2024.06.02
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    Objective: To establish a method for determination of potential anti-vascular disease active components of Semen raphani based on cell membrane chromatographic (CMC) model of human umbilical vein cell (HUVEC). Methods: The HUVEC cell membrane chromatography coupled with HPLC-ESI IT TOF MS system were used to screen the active components of Semen raphani. The selected active components were further applied to ox-LDL induced HUVEC to verify their protective effects. Results: Two retained components were selected from Semen raphani by this method. One component was identified as erucinic acid by comparing with the reference material. Compared with the model group, the cell survival rates of the erucinic acid pretreatment groups increased significantly. The amount of ICAM-1 and VCAM-1 decreased in a dose-dependent manner. Bcl-2 protein levels decreased and Bax protein levels increased, with statistical significance (P<0.05). Conclusion: The method can rapidly obtain active ingredients from complex traditional Chinese medicines. It provides a reference for the application of cell membrane chromatography and the development of Semen raphani.
  • Chinese Journal of Pharmaceutical Analysis. 2024, 44(6): 938-945. https://doi.org/10.16155/j.0254-1793.2024.06.03
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    Objective: To establish an HPLC characteristic chromatogram of Xifeng Huoluo capsules, and to determine the contents of gastrodin, amygdalin, strychnine, hydroxysafflower yellow A, brucine, paeoniflorin, ferulic acid, salvianolic acid B, cryptotanshinone, tanshinone Ⅰ, and tanshinone ⅡA. Methods: Extraction of 75% methanol was analyzed by a Venusil MP C18 chromatographic column (250 mm×4.6 mm, 5 μm) using 0.1% phosphoric acid (A) -acetonitrile (B) as the mobile phase with gradient elution at a flow rate of 1.0 mL·min-1. The column temperature was 30 ℃. The detection wavelengths were variable. The characteristic chromatograms of 10 batches of Xifeng Huoluo capsules were evaluated by similarity evaluation, and the eleven identified index components were quantitatively determined. Results: There were thirty-one common peaks in the characteristic chromatograms of eleven batches of samples and the similarities were all above 0.99. The common peaks could ascribed to twelve medicinal materials, and eleven of them were identified. Eleven components showed good linearity within their respective ranges (r≥0.999 4), and the average recoveries were 99.3%-103.0% with RSDs of 1.5%-2.4%. Conclusion: The established method has high sensitivity and strong specificity. The HPLC characteristic chromatogram combined with multi-component quantitative determination can fully reflect its inherent quality and can be used for the quality control of Xifeng Huoluo Capsules.
  • Chinese Journal of Pharmaceutical Analysis. 2024, 44(6): 946-951. https://doi.org/10.16155/j.0254-1793.2024.06.04
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    Objective: To establish a hydrogen nuclear magnetic quantitative method which can rapidly determine the contents of linalool and protocatechuate in Homalomena occulta. Methods: Using dimethyl sulfoxide-d6(DMSO-d6)as the test solvent and pyrazine -as the internal standard, 1H-q NMR measurement was performed on a 400 MHz spectrometer. The quantitative resonance peaks of pyrazine, Linalool and protocatechuate were δ 8.66, δ 5.90 and δ 8.60, respectively. Results: The linear correlation coefficients of linalool and protocatechuate were good with r of 0.999 7 and 0.998 6, respectively. The RSDs of precision were 0.30% and 0.40%, and the recoveries were 98.8%-100.7%(RSD=3.7%) and 99.4%-100.6%(RSD=4.4%), respectively, which indicated that the established method was accurate, stable and feasible. And the whole detection process was completed in about three minutes. The contents of 2 components in 4 batches of Homalomena occulta were 0.328-0.398 mg·g-1(linalool)and 0.559-0.630 mg·g-1 (protocatechuate), respectively. Conclusion: The 1H-q NMR method has the advantages of simple operation, fast analysis speed and specificity, and can be used for the simultaneous determination of two active components in Homalomena occulta, providing a scientific basis for the overall quality evaluation and quality control of Homalomena occulta.
  • Chinese Journal of Pharmaceutical Analysis. 2024, 44(6): 952-959. https://doi.org/10.16155/j.0254-1793.2024.06.05
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    Objective: To establish an ultra-high performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS) for the simultaneous determination of daidzein, formononetin, genkwanin, quercetin, rutin, apigenin, kaempferol, luteolin and puerarin in Tongfu Jingyaotong tincture. Methods: The Waters ACQUITY UPLC HSS T3 Column (100 mm×2.1 mm,1.8 μm) was used with methanol and 0.1% formic acid (gradient elution) as the mobile phase at a flow rate of 0.3 mL·min-1. Column temperature was 45 ℃, and injection volume was 2.0 μL. Electrospray ion source was adopted with positive and negative ion modes and multi-reaction monitoring and acquisition. Results: Apigenin, genkwanin and daidzein had good linearity in the range of 0.2-1 000 ng·mL-1, puerarin, rutin, luteolin, kaempferol and formononetin in the range of 0.2-2 000 ng·mL-1, and quercetin in the range of 1.0-5 000 ng·mL-1. The resolution was good, and the RSDs of precision, repeatability, reproducibility and stability test were all below 5% (n=6). The average recoveries ranged from 82.7% to 111.8% with RSDs (n=6) of 2.0%-5.4%. The contents of daidzein, formononetin, genkwanin, quercetin, rutin, apigenin, kaempferol, luteolin and puerarin in 6 batches of Tongfu Jingyaotong tincture were 8.46-17.97 μg·mL-1, 0.62-1.67 μg·mL-1, 0.03-0.08 μg·mL-1, 1.34-2.22 μg·mL-1, 0.70-1.14 μg·mL-1, 0.48-0.99 μg·mL-1, 0.20-0.90 μg·mL-1, 0.10-0.16 μg·mL-1 and 167.95-227.75 μg·mL-1, respectively. Conclusion: This method has strong specificity, wide linear range, accuracy and efficiency, and can detect the contents of 9 active ingredients in Tongfu Jingyaotong tincture at the same time, which offers an effective quality control method for Tongfu Jingyaotong tincture.
  • Metabolism Analysis
  • Chinese Journal of Pharmaceutical Analysis. 2024, 44(6): 960-971. https://doi.org/10.16155/j.0254-1793.2024.06.06
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    Objective: To establish and optimize a rapid direct analysis of real time tandem mass spectrometry (DART-MS/MS) method for the rapid detection of 12 benzodiazepines in blood and urine that can be used in forensic toxicology work. Methods: A DART ion source was used in conjunction with an API4000 Q Trap mass spectrometer. A DART 12Dip-ItTM autosampling module with a module travel speed of 0.6 mm·s-1, a sample volume of 5 μL, and a gate voltage of 200 V were applied. The mass spectrometry section scans in positive ion mode using multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) mode. After further optimization, the DART-MS/MS method was validated and applied to real case samples. Results: Ethyl acetate was selected as the extractant for liquid-liquid extraction and the temperature of the carrier gas heater was optimized. The method has good selectivity and does not interfere with delayed effects. The linearity was good, and the limits of detection (LODs) for the targets in blood and urine were in the ranges of 0.5-10 ng·mL-1 and 0.2-2 ng·mL-1, respectively. And the limits of quantification (LOQs) were in the ranges of 1-50 ng·mL-1 and 0.5-5 ng·mL-1, respectively. The recoveries ranged from 78.8% to 119%, and the matrix effects ranged from -17.5% to 18.5%. The intra- and inter-day precisions were not greater than 14.4% for the high and intermediate concentrations, and not greater than 18.1% at the limits of quantification. This method enables fast and accurate examination of case samples. Conclusion: The method is fast and convenient, with good sensitivity, and can be applied to the research and work of rapid detection of toxicants to improve the efficiency of detection.
  • Chinese Journal of Pharmaceutical Analysis. 2024, 44(6): 972-978. https://doi.org/10.16155/j.0254-1793.2024.06.07
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    Objective: To establish an HPLC-MS/MS method for the determination of FCN-437c in human plasma and its application to the phase I clinical study of FCN-437c. Methods: Following protein precipitation, plasma was injected and measured using HPLC-MS/MS method. The analytes were separated on a YMC Triart PFP column (50 mm×2.1 mm, 5 μm) using 0.5% formic acid (containing 5 mmol·L-1 of ammonium acetate, A) and acetonitrile (B) as the mobile phase with gradient elution at the flow rate of 0.5 mL·min-1, the column temperature was set at 35 ℃, the injection amount was 2 μL, and the injector temperature was 10 ℃. MS detection was performed with multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) mode using positive electrospray ionization. The ion transitions were m/z 549.4→449.4 for FCN-437c and m/z 552.3→449.3 for FCN-437-D3, respectively. Other mass spectrometry parameters were TEM, 500 ℃,GS1, 276 kPa,GS2, 207 kPa,DP, 100 V,CXP, 25 V. Results: The linear range of FCN-437c in human plasma was 5-1 000 ng·mL-1 (r=0.999 0). The lower limit of quantification was 5 ng·mL-1. The intra-batch and inter-batch precisions were less than 2.0% and 4.1%, respectively. The average recovery was 104.0% (FCN-437c), 78.6% (FCN-437-D3), and the internal standard normalized matrix factor was 100%-102%. The stock solution of FCN-437c was stable at 4 ℃ for 202 d, the working solution of FCN-437c and internal standard were stable at room temperature for 24 h. FCN-437c in human plasma was investigated to be stable at room temperature for 20 h, four cycles of freeze-thaw, -20 ℃ for 134 d, -80 ℃ for 662 d, as well as for 24 h in the autosampler after treatment. The whole blood samples were stable at room temperature for 4 h. This method was applied to the determination FCN-437c in human plasma, and the deviation between the test results and the initial values of 97.0% ISR samples was within ±20%. The accuracy was 102.0%-108.0% after 10-fold dilution of plasma samples. The cumulative ratio of RAUC0-24 and RCmax was 1.33 times and 1.59 times when FCN-437c was administered continuously compared with single administration. Conclusion: This method is simple, accurate, robust and specific, which can meet the requirements of quantitative analysis of FCN-437c in human plasma and also can be used to determine FCN-473c in human plasma of the phase I clinical study.
  • Safety Monitoring
  • Chinese Journal of Pharmaceutical Analysis. 2024, 44(6): 979-989. https://doi.org/10.16155/j.0254-1793.2024.06.08
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    Objective: To establish a UPLC-MS/MS method for the simultaneous determination of 47 pesticide residues in Sucrose. Methods: The residues in the sample were extracted by acidic acetonitrile, concentrated by blow dry with nitrogen gas and then analyzed by using LC-MS/MS with multiple reaction monitoring(MRM). Blank matrix standard curve with internal standard method was used to determine the residue contents. Results: Each substance to be tested had good linearity relationship within certain concentration (r>0.995). The limits of quantification (LOQ) were 0.01-2.00 μg·kg-1. The recoveries of 47 pesticide residues at three levels of 10, 25 and 50 μg·kg-1 were from 71.0% to 106.0% with the RSD of 0.90%-8.5% in sucrose. 2 batches in 15 batches of sucrose samples were detected thiamethoxam and thiamethoxam, while the rest were not detected. Conclusion: The method is simple, rapid and characterized with acceptable sensitivity and accuracy to meet the requirements of the determination of analysis, and this developed procedure is suitable for the determination of pesticide residues in Sucrose, can be used for quality control of sucrose.
  • Chinese Journal of Pharmaceutical Analysis. 2024, 44(6): 990-998. https://doi.org/10.16155/j.0254-1793.2024.06.09
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    Objective: To establish a fast, accurate and sensitive method by UPLC-DAD-Q-TOF-MS/MS for the detection of 20 kinds of illegally added chemicals such as azilsartan,nifedipin, lacidipine、nebivolo in anti-hypertensive health foods. Methods: Waters HSS T3 C18(100 mm×2.1 mm,1.8 μm ) column was used with mobile phase of 0.01 mol·L-1 ammonium acetate aqueous solution-methanol and gradient elution(0 min, 5%A;0-8 min, 5%A→95%A;8-11 min,95%A;11-11.2 min,95%A→5%A;11.2-12 min,5%). The flow rate was 0.3 mL·min-1. The injection volume was 1 μL. ESI+,ESI- scan and MS/MS mode were applied. Qualitative and quantitative analyses were carried out by UPLC-DAD-Q-TOF-MS/MS. Results: The method was validated. A good linear relationship was showed in the concentration of 1-50 μg·mL-1,(RSD<3%)and the recovery was obtained in range of 80.5%-98.7%. Illegally added chemical drugs were found in 15 batches of samples tested by this method. Two or more types of drugs were detected in 14 batches of samples. Torsemide, candesartan cilexetil, lacidipine were detected in 9 samples. Lacidipine and nebivolol were found in one of the sample. Conclusion: This method is fast, accurate and sensitive with a high degree of separation. It can be used as a powerful tool for the fast detection of illegally added chemicals in anti-hypertensive health foods.
  • Chinese Journal of Pharmaceutical Analysis. 2024, 44(6): 999-1008. https://doi.org/10.16155/j.0254-1793.2024.06.10
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    Objective: To establish a liquid chromatography mass spectrometry (LC-MS) method for the detection of nepasaikosaponin K in Bupleurum marginatum var. stenophyllum, which could be used to quickly identify whether Bupleurum marginatum var. stenophyllum was substituted for Bupleurum or was mixed with Bupleurum. At the same time, nepasaikosaponin K was detected in 16 batches of Bupleurum marginatum var. stenophyllum and 157 batches of bupleurum decoction pieces. Methods: Ultra-high performance liquid chromatography (UPLC) coupled with triple quadruple mass spectrometry (QqQ MS) was used to detect nepasaikosaponin K in Bupleurum and Bupleurum marginatum var. stenophyllum. Determination was carried out with the application of a Phenomenex Kinetex C18 (2.1 mm×100 mm, 1.7 μm) column at temperature of 25 ℃. The mobile phase was composed of acetonitrile(A) and water(B) with gradient elution(0-5 min 15%A→25%A;5-0 min,25%A→30%A; 30-35 min,30%A→90%A;35-36 min,90%A→15%A;36-40 min,15%A)at a flow rate of 0.3 mL·min-1. The electrospray ionization(ESI-) source was performed in multiple reaction monitoring(MRM)mode of the transitions of m/z 943.5→797.3, m/z 943.5→635.3, and m/z 943.5→781.3. Results: The contents of nepasaikosaponin K detected in 16 batches of Bupleurum marginatum var. stenophyllum were much higher than minimum requirements. Nepasaikosaponin K was detected in 8 out of 157 batches of Bupleurum. Conclusion: The established method is verified by methodology to be specific, so as to develop a supplementary test method for the components of Bupleurum and Bupleurum marginatum var. stenophyllum. to improve the quality control standard and authentic identification investigation, and to effectively control the quality of Bupleurum decoction pieces and guarantee its clinical efficacy.
  • Chinese Journal of Pharmaceutical Analysis. 2024, 44(6): 1009-1016. https://doi.org/10.16155/j.0254-1793.2024.06.11
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    Objective: To establish an amino solid-phase extraction-HPLC method for the determination of three related substances in eldecalcitol soft capsules. Methods: The eldecalcitol soft capsules were extracted by an amino solid-phase extraction method, followed by eluting with ethyl acetate: n-hexane and anhydrous ethanol. The residue was then dissolved with acetonitrile and water after vacuum evaporation. An ODS column (250 mm×4.6 mm, 5 μm) was used. Water-acetonitrile with gradient elution was employed. The flow rate was 1.0 mL·min-1, the injection volume was 50 μL, and the detection wavelength was set at 265 nm. Results: Interference from blank excipients was eliminated with pretreatment. Baseline separation and good selectivity of eldecalcitol and other impurities was achieved. The stability of the test and reference solution was investigated at 4 ℃. The area change percentage of the impurities in the test solution were 98.6%-102.3% at 24 h. The area change percentage of the impurities in the reference solution were 101.2%, 96.9%, 98.5% and 96.2% at 24 h, respectively. The quantitation limits of eldecalcitol, trans impurity, pre-eldecalcitol and tachy impurity were 0.107 μg·mL-1, 0.102 μg·mL-1, 0.128 μg·mL-1 and 0.063 μg·mL-1, respectively. The detection limits were 0.054 μg·mL-1, 0.051 μg·mL-1, 0.064 μg·mL-1, 0.031 μg·mL-1, respectively. The linear ranges of 4 components were 0.1-6.3 μg·mL-, 0.1-1.2 μg·mL-, 0.1-5.6 μg·mL-and 0.1-1.1 μg·mL-1, respectively. The correlation coefficients(n=5) were 0.999 9, 1.000, 1.000 and 0.999 4, respectively. The average recoveries (n=6)of tachy impurity, pre-eldecalcitol and trans impurity were 106.6%, 88.6% and 102.8% with RSDs of 6.7%, 3.1% and 2.1%, respectively. In the three batches of samples, no impurities were detected except pre-eldecalcitol. The contents of pre-eldecalcitol were 5.0%, 5.0% and 5.1%, respectively. Conclusion: The method is simple to operate, economical and practical with high safety, strong specificity, good repeatability and high accuracy. The method provides a reliable basis for the study of drug quality such as eldecalcitol soft capsules and drugs with similar oily substrate.
  • Chinese Journal of Pharmaceutical Analysis. 2024, 44(6): 1017-1023. https://doi.org/10.16155/j.0254-1793.2024.06.12
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    Objective: To determine the content of acrylamide in “8 famous medicines from Zhejiang”, and to carry out the preliminary risk assessment based on the determination results. Methods: After optimization of QuEChERS extraction, the content of acrylamide was determined by the method of isotope-labeled internal standard-ultra high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (isotope-labeled IS-UHPLC-MS/MS). The determination was carried out with a Phenomenex Kinetex C18 column (100 mm×2.1 mm, 1.7 μm) as the stationary phase, gradient elution was carried out with methanol-0.1% formic acid aqueous solution as the mobile phase, 13C3 acrylamide as the internal standard, and multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) mode was used to detect the residual acrylamide. Results: The content ranges of acrylamide in 247 batches of samples were 0-26 403 μg·kg-1. These contents exceeded the regulations stipulated by some nations or organizations, and posed certain safety risks in long-term use. Conclusion: The method established in this study is rapid, simple, sensitive and reproducible, and will lay a scientific basis for the quality control and safety evaluation of acrylamide in “8 famous medicines from Zhejiang” and other genuine medicinal materials.
  • Chinese Journal of Pharmaceutical Analysis. 2024, 44(6): 1024-1030. https://doi.org/10.16155/j.0254-1793.2024.06.13
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    Objective: To study the toxicity of heavy metal cadmium and screen detoxification drugs base on Caenorhabditis elegans. Methods: The microfluidics chip technology was used as the drug screening platform. The 96-well plate exposure pretest was used, and K-medium blank group was set up. The exposure group consisted of nematodes exposed to heavy metal cadmium at the environmental relevant concentration of 0.25-15.0 μg·mL after homogenization. Vitamin C and calcium disodium ethylenediamine tetraacetate were selected as detoxification group. (10±2) nematodes were added into each orifice plate. The number of nematodes was observed and recorded under a microscope, and paid attention to the changes in the structure of the vulva. The experimental data were processed and analyzed by origin 2019b software. Results: Compared with blank group, the fatality rates of C. elegans in exposed group were respectively 0%, 1.67%, 4.76%, 67.46%, 100% and 100% at 0.25, 1.50, 5.0, 10.0, 12.5, 15.0 μg·mL-1 concentration, compared with blank group. The structure of the nematode vulva was deformed, from slight protrusion to severe protrusion, and even a tuberous protrusion, and finally ruptured. The mortality of detoxification group was reduced to different degrees compared with exposure group. Conclusion: Compared with blank control group, with the increase of cadmium exposure concentration and exposure time, cadmium can inhibit the survival of C. elegans, and damage the structure of C. elegans vulva to varying degrees. The results of detoxification group showed that vitamin C had little detoxification effect on cadmium. The complexation of calcium disodium ethylenediamine tetraacetate with cadmium could prolong the survival time of C. elegans to a large extent.
  • Chinese Journal of Pharmaceutical Analysis. 2024, 44(6): 1031-1039. https://doi.org/10.16155/j.0254-1793.2024.06.14
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    Objective: To establish a chromatogram-effect correlated quality evaluation system for the antibacterial activity of Flos Lonicerae extract by data analysis of components.Methods: The best liquid chromatographic conditions were optimized by investigating the conditions of mobile phase, wavelength and flow rate, and the quantitative fingerprint of 50 batches of Flos Lonicerae extract was established.The best antibacterial concentration of the extract was obtained by microdilution method, and the antibacterial rates of 50 batches of samples were determined. Similarity analysis, cluster analysis, principal component analysis, grey correlation analysis and mathematical model establishment by support vector machine were used to analyze the quantitative fingerprints and antibacterial rates of 50 batches of samples. Results: Eighteen common peaks were selected from the 50 quantitative fingerprints of Flos Lonicerae extract, and the similarities were between 0.608-1. Six chemical components were identified (peak 4: neochlorogenic acid, peak 8: chlorogenic acid, peak 9: cryptochlorogenic acid, peak 16: isochlorogenic acid B, peak 17: isochlorogenic acid A and peak 18: isochlorogenic acid C). The average antibacterial rates of 50 batches of extracts were between 3.93%-70.50%. The results of principal component analysis and cluster analysis were highly consistent, and the results of grey correlation analysis showed that all components were positively correlated with antibacterial effect. The relative deviations between the predicted data of the mathematical model and the experimental data were all below 2%. Conclusion: The HPLC conditions of Flos Lonicerae extract are stable and reliable, and the quality evaluation system of antibacterial activity of Flos Lonicerae extract established can evaluate its quality based on antibacterial rate.
  • Chinese Journal of Pharmaceutical Analysis. 2024, 44(6): 1040-1045. https://doi.org/10.16155/j.0254-1793.2024.06.15
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    Objective: To establish a simple and practical microbiological counting method suitable for sheet drug packaging materials by comparing the results of four sampling methods. Methods: The samples of artificial contamination of sheet drug packaging materials were prepared by standard strain adding method. The surface microorganisms were collected by wiping method prescribed by national drug packaging container (material) standard, as well as by self-designed washing method, direct inoculation method and contact dish method. The corresponding recovery rate was calculated. The results of 4 sampling methods were analyzed by one way analysis of variance (ANOVA). Results: From high to low, the recovery rate was as follows: contact dish method, direct inoculation method, wiping method and washing method. There were significant differences in the recovery rates of contact dish method, wiping method and washing method (P<0.05). The recovery rate of contact dish method was slightly higher than that of direct inoculation method, but there was no significant difference between them (P>0.05). There was no significant difference in the recoveries of medicinal film, aluminum foil and hard sheet among the four methods (P>0.05). Conclusion: The contact dish method is simple, sensitive and accurate, and can be used for the examination of the microbial limit counting method of sheet drug packaging materials.
  • Chinese Journal of Pharmaceutical Analysis. 2024, 44(6): 1046-1054. https://doi.org/10.16155/j.0254-1793.2024.06.16
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    Objective: The early warning of new psychoactive substance iso-propoxate (homologue of etomidate) was carried out through sewage drug monitoring technology, and quantitative research was conducted to provide technical support for management and law enforcement. Methods: The abnormal results were obtained by quantitative analysis of multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) mode using online solid phase extraction-ultra high performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (SPE-UPLC-MS/MS), and the basic information of abnormal substance was determined by precursor ion scanning mode. The qualitative determination was carried out using parallel reaction monitoring (PRM) mode by ultra high performance liquid chromatography quadrupole-orbitrap high resolution mass spectrometry (UPLC-Q exactive HRMS) after the directional synthesis of the compound. Quantitative study was then conducted by commercial reference products. The correlation analysis was carried out by SPSS 27. Results: The abnormal substance was determined to be iso-propoxate. The optimized MRM parameters could be distinguished from its isomers by specific ion abundance ratio. The correlation analysis of quantitative results showed that it was similar to etomidate and ketamine abuse areas. Conclusion: In the process of sewage drug monitoring, it is necessary to pay attention to the proportional relationship between prototype and metabolite. It is important to summarize the characteristic fragments and characteristic neutral loss information of specific types of compounds, carry out screening non-targeted detection for key samples in key areas in the monitoring process, and analyze potential substances using high-resolution mass spectrometry and other methods, so as to fully leveraging the early warning role of sewage drug monitoring.
  • Quality Control
  • Chinese Journal of Pharmaceutical Analysis. 2024, 44(6): 1055-1061. https://doi.org/10.16155/j.0254-1793.2024.06.17
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    Objective: To establish an HPLC characteristic chromatogram for Hyssopus cuspidatu Boriss. and control quality and identity authentication for the herb. Methods: The HPLC method was used, and the mobile phases were acetonitrile (A) and 0.1% aqueous phosphoric acid (B) in gradient elution(0-15 min, 10%A; 15-30 min, 10%A→15%A; 30-40 min, 15%A→18%A; 40-60 min, 18%A→23%A;60-70 min, 23%A→55%A;70-85 min, 55%A→60%A; 85-85.1 min, 60%A→10%A; 85.1-90 min, 10%A). The column temperature was 30 ℃, the flow rate was 1.0 mL·min-1, the detection wavelength was 330 nm and the injection volume was 20 μL. Fifteen batches of Hyssopus cuspidatu Boriss. and its adulterants, notably Cynanchum officinale, were analyzed to construct characteristic chromatogram. The authenticity and quality of Hyssopus cuspidatu Boriss. were assessed through principal component analysis(PCA),cluster analysis, and similarity analysis. Results: Analysis of the characteristic chromatogram of ten Hyssopus cuspidatu Boriss. batches revealed fifteen distinct peaks, with six compounds identified as isodendrobioside, molluscoside, rosmarinic acid, salvianolic acid, geranylgeranyl, and trichothecenes. Cluster analysis segregated the Hyssopus cuspidatu Boriss. samples into three distinct groups, primarily influenced by geographical (latitude and longitude) and environmental (climate) factors. PCA results indicated that four principal components accounted for 92.914% of the variance. The similarities for the ten batches of Hyssopus cuspidatu Boriss. ranged from 0.896 to 0.997, with no significant difference observed between the wild and cultivated varieties in terms of overall HPLC profile and relative peak content. The overall profiles of the HPLC characteristic chromatogram and the contents of the main components of the Hyssopus cuspidatu Boriss. and the Nepeta bracteata Benth. were significantly different. Conclusion: The HPLC characteristic chromatogram method developed in this study is reproducible, stable, and practical for the quality control and authentication of Hyssopus cuspidatu Boriss. Moreover, it offers a reliable analytical technique for the quality evaluation and authentication of this herb, providing substantial data support.
  • Chinese Journal of Pharmaceutical Analysis. 2024, 44(6): 1062-1073. https://doi.org/10.16155/j.0254-1793.2024.06.18
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    Objective: To study different batches of Xiaoer Resuqing granules by combining the method of fingerprint, multi-index component content determination and chemical pattern recognition analysis technology, and to provide the basis for its quality evaluation. Methods: The chromatographic SuperLu C18(250 mm×4.6 mm, 5 μm) column was adopted with mobile phase composed of methanol (A)-0.1% phosphoric acid (B) with gradient elution at a flow rate of 1.0 mL·min-1.The column temperature was 30 ℃, and the detection wavelength was 280 nm. Eleven characteristic components were identified, and the contents of seven active components, including puerarin, forsythiaside A, phillyrin, baicalin, wogonoside, baicalein and wogonin were determined. Hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA) and principal component analysis (PCA) were used to classify 15 batches of samples, and orthogonal least partial squares discriminant analysis (OPLS-DA) was performed. To screen out the difference components between batches of Xiaoer Resuqing granules. Results: The HPLC fingerprint of Xiaoer Resuqing granules and the content determination method of 7 components were established, the results of the two methods met the requirements. Twenty-eight common peaks were identified, 11 chromatographic peaks were identified, and the similarities of 15 batches of samples ranged from 0.995 to 0.999. HCA and PCA results showed that 15 batches were clustered into two categories, and OPLS-DA screened out 13 markers that caused the differences among the 15 batches of samples. There was little difference in the contents of ingredients. Conclusion: The established HPLC fingerprint of Xiaoer Resuqing granules and the determination method of 7 components are specific, accurate and reliable. Combined with chemical pattern recognition, it can be effectively used for the quality control of Xiaoer Resuqing granules.
  • Standard Deliberation
  • Chinese Journal of Pharmaceutical Analysis. 2024, 44(6): 1074-1081. https://doi.org/10.16155/j.0254-1793.2024.06.19
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    Objective: To determine the in vitro release degree of musk sustained-release mini-tablets by reciprocating cylinder method. Methods: Gas chromatography was used to establish the in vitro analysis of muscone, which is the main active ingredient of sustained-release mini-tablets. Comparing its equilibrium solubility in different concentrations of Tween-80, hexadecyl trimethyl ammonium bromide (CTAB) and sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS), to determine the type of release medium. The effects of residence time, drip time, reciprocation rate, and screen mesh sizes on the release behaviours of muscone were investigated. Results were compared with that of the paddle method. Meanwhile, a preliminary investigation into the mechanism of its release was also carried out. Results: The linearity of the constructed analytical method was better, the RSD values of precision, repeatability and stability were less than 3%, and the spiked sample recovery was qualified. The release medium for the reciprocating cartridge method was 200 mL of 0.05% Tween-80, with a dwell and drip time of 20 s, a reciprocation rate of 15 dip·min-1, and upper and lower screen mesh sizes of 20 and 40 respectively. Compared with the paddle method, Muscone was completely released under different pH conditions in the reciprocating cylinder method, and the release curve increased smoothly. Conclusion: The study can provide some references for the reciprocating cylinder method in the in vitro evaluation of sustained-release prescriptions of traditional Chinese medicine.
  • Chinese Journal of Pharmaceutical Analysis. 2024, 44(6): 1082-1088. https://doi.org/10.16155/j.0254-1793.2024.06.20
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    Objective: To develop a method for characterizing in vitro release of cyclosporine ophthalmic emulsion. Methods: The Franz diffusion cell and the polyvinylidene fluoride membrane were adopted with buffer-ethanol (40∶60) as receiving media. The sampling time was set at 60,125,190,255,320,385 min, respectively. Results: The in vitro release method showed that the inertia of membrane, specificity, sensitivity and selectivity met the requirements. The validation of HPLC showed that the quantitative limit of the method was 0.07 μg·mL-1 and a good linear relationship between the concentration range of 0.07-44.62 μg·mL-1. The average recovery was 98.9%. Compared with the original preparation by FDA guideline, the in vitro release of the self-developed preparation was the same as the reference preparation. Conclusions: This method is suitable for the in vitro release evaluation of cyclosporine eye drops.
  • Chinese Journal of Pharmaceutical Analysis. 2024, 44(6): 1089-1096. https://doi.org/10.16155/j.0254-1793.2024.06.21
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    Objective: To establish a stable and reliable gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry method for the determination of N-nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA) in metformin hydrochloride sustained-release tablets, and to optimize extraction conditions by investigating the effects of isopropyl alcohol and thioglycerin on the stability of the tested solution. Methods: Separation was achieved on AB-InoWax capillary column (30 m×0.25 mm×0.25 μm) with polyethylene glycol as the stationary phase. Electron ion(EI) source and multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) mode were used. Quantitative determination was performed by both external standard and internal standard. Results: The addition of thioglycerin could significantly improve the stability of the test solution. NDMA showed good linearity within the concentration range of 0.25-50 ng·mL-1(r>0.999). The detection limit of the method was 0.1 ng·g-1 and the quantification limit of the method was 0.2 ng·g-1. The average recoveries (n=9) were 97.3% and 94.9% while using external standard and internal standard, respectively. Precision, repeatability and stability were good with RSD less than 8%. Ninety batches of metformin hydrochloride sustained release tablets were tested. NDMA content in all detected samples were all less than 30% of the acceptable limit set by the National Medical Products Administration and FDA. Conclusions: This method shows satisfactory sensibility, specificity, accuracy, stability and durability, which is suitable for quantitative analysis of NDMA in metformin hydrochloride sustained-release tablets, providing technical support for the quality and safety of related products.
  • Chinese Journal of Pharmaceutical Analysis. 2024, 44(6): 1097-1104. https://doi.org/10.16155/j.0254-1793.2024.06.22
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    Objective: To optimize the content determination method of morphine sulfate suppositories, which had high toxicity of extraction solvent and poor specificity and generality of chromatographic conditions. Methods: The optimization of the preparation method for the test solution was to prepare the test solution by ice bath freezing and n-heptane extraction, and to compare the content determination results of the test solution prepared by the United States Pharmacopeia method (extracted with trichloromethane). The optimization of chromatographic conditions for content determination was based on the comprehensive comparison of United States Pharmacopeia, British Pharmacopeia and YBH specification. Symmetry C18 column (150 mm×4.6 mm, 5 μm) was finally used. The mobile phase was 0.01 mol·L-1 potassium dihydrogen phosphate solution containing 0.202% sodium heptane sulfonate (containing 0.1% triethylamine, adjusted to pH 2.5 with phosphoric acid) -methanol (70∶30). The flow rate was 1.0 mL·min-1. The column temperature was 30 ℃. The detection wavelength was 284 nm. The injection volume was 20 μL. Results: The content measured by ice bath freezing method was relatively low, while the content measured by n-heptane extraction and trichloromethane extraction was basically consistent, indicating that n-heptane could be used as extraction solvent instead of halogenated alkane. The linear range of morphine sulfate was 2.12-105.94 μg·mL-1(r=0.999 9), and the LOQ was 10.60 ng. The RSD values of system precision, repeatability, intermediate precision and stability were all less than 2%. The average recoveries were 98.6%-99.6% and RSD was 0.21%-0.66%. After forced degradation, the main peak of the tested solution could be separated from the degraded impurities, with good specificity. By changing the flow rate, column temperature, pH value, mobile phase ratio and column brand, the main peak could be well separated from each impurity peak, with good robustness. Conclusions: This study optimized the determination method for morphine sulfate suppositories. The preparation of the test solution used n-heptane instead of the highly toxic haloalkane, and meanwhile improved the chromatographic conditions, enhanced the environmental protection, specificity and applicability of the method. It can be used for the content determination of morphine sulfate suppositories.