目的: 探讨不同种类植物药中重金属和有害元素的残留特性,结合内梅罗（N.L.Nemerow）综合污染指数法和中药中外源性有害残留物安全风险评估指导原则分析其污染及风险情况,为制定安全性限度标 准提供依据。方法: 采用微波消解电感耦合等离子体质谱法（inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry, ICP-MS）,对 37 种 2427 批次常用花、叶、全草、果实、种子类中药材的重金属残留量进行测定。结果: 各元 素呈现良好的线性关系（r>0.999）,回收率在 62.7%~121.1%,RSD 在 0.2%~13.0%,表明该方法准确可靠。 样品的总合格率为 71.4%;重金属和有害元素超标率为镉（20.9%）> 铅（5.8%）> 铜（3.9%）> 汞（3.5%）> 砷（2.9%）。不同部位合格率:种子类（97.3%）> 果实类（92.0%）> 花类（68.5%）> 全草类（53.2%）> 叶类（51.3%）。结论: 叶类、全草类最易蓄积重金属和有害元素,其次是花类;果实、种子类重金属和有害元素残留情况较好;花、叶、全草最易蓄积镉元素。山银花、白花蛇舌草、穿心莲、艾叶、青蒿、鱼腥草、茵陈、广金钱 草 8 个品种的重金属和有害元素污染较严重;白花蛇舌草和山银花中镉,茵陈中的砷以及白花蛇舌草、穿心莲、艾叶、青蒿、鱼腥草、茵陈、广金钱草中的铅有残留风险。
Objective: In order to explore the residual characteristics of heavy metals and harmful elements in different kinds of herbs,the contamination situation was analyzed by N.L.Nemerow comprehensive contamination index method, and the basis for the formulation of safety limit standard was provided. Methods: Microwave digestion-ICP-MS was used to determine the heavy metals and harmful elements residues in 2 427 batches of 37 kinds of Chinese herbal medicines,including flowers,leaves,whole herbs,fruits and seeds. Results: The recovery rates were 62.7%- 121.1%,and RSDs were 0.2%-13.0%,indicating that the method was accurate and reliable. The total qualified rate of the samples was 71.4%. And the unqualified rates of heavy metals were as follows:cadmium（20.9%）>lead （5.8%）>copper（3.9%）>mercury（3.5%）>arsenic（2.9%）. The qualified rates of different parts were as follows: seeds（97.3%）,fruits（92.0%）,flowers（68.5%）,whole herbs（53.2%）,and leaves（51.3%）. Conclusion: Leaves and whole herbs were easy to accumulate heavy metals and harmful elements,followed by flowers. Residues situation in fruits and seeds were good. Flowers and whole herbs were the most likely to accumulate cadmium. Lonicerae Flos,Hedyotis Diffusa,Andrographis Herba,Artemisiae Argyi Folium,Artemisiae Annuae Herba, Houttuyniae Herba,Artemisiae Scopariae Herba and Desmodii Styracifolii Herba were seriously contaminated by heavy metals and harmful elements. Cadmium in Lonicerae Flos and Hedyotis Diffusa,arsenic in Artemisiae Scopariae Herba,and lead in Hedyotis Diffusa,Andrographis Herba,Artemisiae Argyi Folium,Artemisiae Annuae Herba,Houttuyniae Herba,Artemisiae Scopariae Herba,Desmodii Styracifolii Herba were at risk of contamination.
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